Chemistry lecture 1

     Lecturer: D.Myagmarsuren  , NUM
                                           
                                           What’s a Chemistry?
              
                Chemistry, a branch of physical science, is the study of the composition, properties and behavior of matter.^[1][2] Chemistry is concerned with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds. Chemistry is also concerned with the interactions between atoms (or groups of atoms) and various forms of energy (e.g. photochemical reactions, changes in phases of matter, separation of mixtures, properties of polymers, etc.).
Chemistry is sometimes called "the central science" because it bridges other natural sciences like physics, geology and biology with each other.^[3][4] Chemistry is a branch of physical science but distinct from physics.^[5]
The etymology of the word chemistry has been much disputed.^[6] The genesis of chemistry can be traced to certain practices, known as alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world, particularly the Middle East.^[7]

Definition

In retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term "chymistry", in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, meant the subject of the material principles of mixed bodies.^[13] In 1663, "chymistry" meant a scientific art, by which one learns to dissolve bodies, and draw from them the different substances on their composition, and how to unite them again, and exalt them to a higher perfection - this definition was used by chemist Christopher Glaser.^[14]

History : A tentative outline is as follows:

1. Alchemy in Greco-Roman Egypt [ – 642 CE], the earliest Western alchemists such as Mary the Jewess, Cleopatra the Alchemist, and Zosimos of Panopolis described early laboratory equipment. They are estimated to have lived between the first and third centuries.
2. Islamic alchemy [642 CE – 1200], the Muslim conquest of Egypt; development of alchemy by Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Razi and others; Jābir modifies Aristotle's theories; advances in processes and apparatus.^[25]
3. European alchemy [1300 – present], Pseudo-Geber builds on Arabic chemistry.^{[citation needed]} From the 12th century, major advances in the chemical arts shifted from Arab lands to western Europe.^[25]
4. Chemistry [1661], Boyle writes his classic chemistry text The Sceptical Chymist.
5. Chemistry [1787], Lavoisier writes his classic Elements of Chemistry.
6. Chemistry [1803], Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory.
7. Chemistry [1869], Dmitri Mendeleev presented his Periodic table being the framework of the modern chemistry